Ocimene

Ocimene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Ocimene Beta-Ocimene, cis/trans-Ocimene pronounced: OH-sih-meen Sweet, tropical, and herbaceous. The lowest boiling point of the main terpenes. Monoterpene Boiling point: 50°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 50°C Primary aroma Sweet Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of ocimene is described as: SweetHerbaceousPerfumedCitrusTropical Found naturally in: Mint, parsley, orchids, mangoes, tarragon, basil Effects Linked Effects UpliftingEnergyAntiviralAntifungal These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Ocimene? Ocimene is a sweet, tropical terpene with a complex aroma that blends fresh herbs, citrus blossom, and a hint of fruit. Cannabis plants produce it partly as a natural defence against insects and pests. When a strain has a fresh, almost perfume-like quality to its smell, ocimene is often a significant contributor. It has the lowest boiling point of the main cannabis terpenes at around 50 degrees Celsius. This means it evaporates very quickly. Fresh or recently cured cannabis will have more ocimene aroma than older or poorly stored cannabis, where it will have largely evaporated. This is why it is most noticeable in very fresh flower (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Ocimene is associated with uplifting and energising effects, similar to limonene and terpinolene. It does not have as extensive a human evidence base as some other terpenes, but preclinical research has found antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties (Nuutinen, 2018). Its antiviral properties are of particular scientific interest. Studies have found that ocimene can inhibit the activity of certain viruses in cell cultures, though this is laboratory research and does not mean it treats viral infections in humans. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that it can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Mint is one of the richer everyday sources of ocimene. The fresh, slightly sweet quality of mint that is distinct from its menthol sharpness comes partly from ocimene. Parsley, basil, and tarragon also contain it. Orchid flowers produce significant amounts of ocimene as a pollinator attractant. Mangoes contain a small but noticeable quantity, adding to their complex tropical aroma. Because it evaporates so easily, the best way to experience ocimene in everyday food is to eat fresh, uncooked herbs. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for ocimene’s antifungal and anticonvulsant activity in preclinical models. The antifungal properties are consistent across several studies and suggest potential clinical applications for fungal skin conditions, though human trials are lacking. Weil (2022) notes that ocimene’s presence in a strain profile is often a marker for fresh, recently harvested cannabis because of its volatility. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed that ocimene participates in cannabinoid receptor modulation alongside other cannabis terpenes, providing another mechanism through which it may contribute to the overall experience of a strain. Previous Humulene Next Alpha-Bisabolol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).

Write to your NHS Trust

Write to Your NHS Trust – Ask for a Medical Cannabis Policy – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content NHS Advocacy Patient Action Letter Template Write to Your NHS Trust and Ask for a Medical Cannabis Policy Devon Partnership NHS Trust has shown it is possible. Fill in your details below and send this letter to your own NHS Trust. Ask them to follow the same approach with their own version of CD21. PatientsCann UK • Patient Advocacy • Based on the CD21 SOP (Devon Partnership NHS Trust, 2026) Jump to Why this matters How to use this Find your Trust Build your letter How to email your Trust What happens next Background Why Sending This Letter Could Make a Real Difference Legal since 2018 Medical cannabis has been legally available on NHS prescription since November 2018. But most hospitals still have no written policy for patients who bring their medicine in with them. UK First Devon Partnership NHS Trust became the first NHS trust in the UK to write a formal Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for medical cannabis patients in hospital. It is called CD21. Your rights Without a clear policy, some patients have had their medicine taken away in hospital. This is wrong. Your prescription is lawful and you have a right to continue your treatment. Change is possible CD21 took one trust from no policy to a fully approved SOP. Every letter sent by a patient like you gives other trusts the push they need to do the same. What Is CD21? CD21 is a written set of rules (called a Standard Operating Procedure or SOP) approved by Devon Partnership NHS Trust. It tells ward staff, pharmacists, and doctors exactly what to do when a patient who is prescribed medical cannabis comes into hospital. The key point CD21 makes is simple: continuing a patient’s existing medical cannabis prescription is not the same as starting a new one. This means staff can support patients to carry on with their medicine without needing extra approvals that do not actually apply. PatientsCann UK has already written to NHS England, NHS Wales, NHS Scotland, the Department of Health in Northern Ireland, and Controlled Drug Accountable Officers across all four nations. But patients writing to their own Trust is just as important. It shows trusts that real people are affected and that action is needed now. The template letter below is based directly on the CD21 approach. It asks your NHS Trust three clear questions and gives them all the information they need to take action. You do not need any medical knowledge to send it. You just need to fill in your details. Step by Step How to Use This Page 1 Find your NHS Trust Use the search box below to find the NHS Trust that runs your nearest hospital. If you are not sure which trust to write to, search by your town or city. You can write to more than one trust if you use different hospitals. 2 Fill in your details Enter your name, address, and the name of your prescribing clinic. You do not need to share your diagnosis or any details about your medicine. The letter is designed to be factual and straightforward. Only share information you are comfortable with 3 Check your letter The letter preview updates as you type. Read it through to make sure everything is correct. You can change any part of it. The highlighted areas in purple show where your details have been added. 4 Copy, download, or print Use the buttons below the letter to copy the text, download it as a text file, or print it. We recommend sending your letter by email to the Trust’s Chief Executive or Medical Director, and copying in your local PALS (Patient Advice and Liaison Service). See the How to email your Trust section below for step-by-step guidance on finding the right email address. 5 Let us know If your Trust replies, please share the response with us at info@patientscann.org.uk. We are tracking which Trusts are taking action and your response helps us to build a full picture across the UK. Step 1 Find Your NHS Trust Search for your Trust Type your town, city, or the name of your hospital below. Select your Trust from the list to automatically fill in the letter fields. Search for your NHS Trust Search If you cannot find your Trust using the search, you can type the Trust’s name directly into the letter below. You can find your local NHS Trust on the NHS website . Step 2 Build Your Letter Fill in the fields below. Your letter will appear in the preview and will update automatically as you type. Nothing you type here is stored or sent anywhere. The letter only exists in your browser. Your NHS CBMP Letter Fill in the fields below. The letter updates as you type. Your full name Date Your address (including postcode) Your email address Optional. Include if you want a reply by email. Your phone number Optional. NHS Trust name This will appear in the subject line and the body of the letter. Name of Chief Executive or Medical Director Find this on the Trust’s website. If unsure, use “Chief Executive”. Hospital name (within the Trust) Trust contact email address Used when you send the letter by email. See the guidance box below for how to find this. Trust head office address Name of your prescribing clinic You can leave this blank if you prefer not to share it. Letter preview Fill in your details above and your letter will appear here. Copy letter Download (.txt) Print Clear all Sending Your Letter How to Find Your Trust’s Email Address Why email is the best way to send this letter Sending by email creates a written record with a timestamp. It is faster than post, easier to follow up, and means the Trust cannot claim it was not received. Always keep a copy of your sent email.

Camphene

Camphene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Camphene 2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane pronounced: KAM-feen Smells like a damp fir forest. May support healthy cholesterol levels. Monoterpene Boiling point: 159°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 159°C Primary aroma Damp Earth Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of camphene is described as: Damp EarthFir NeedlesCamphorForest Floor Found naturally in: Cypress, rosemary, ginger, nutmeg, valerian, sage Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntioxidantCardiovascular These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Camphene? Camphene has a distinctive, damp, earthy aroma with strong fir tree and camphor notes. If you have ever walked through a coniferous forest after rain and noticed that sharp, resinous, almost medicinal smell, camphene is a significant part of it. It is also the compound that gives old-fashioned camphor mothballs their smell. In cannabis, camphene is usually a minor terpene but contributes to the overall earthy, woody character of certain strains. It is a bicyclic monoterpene, meaning its carbon ring structure is folded, which gives it a more complex and persistent smell than simpler linear terpenes (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Camphene has a surprisingly diverse preclinical evidence base. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed studies suggesting it has antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Perhaps most unusually among terpenes, there is also early evidence from animal studies that camphene may reduce blood triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. If confirmed in human trials, this cardiovascular effect would make camphene unique among the 12 terpenes profiled here. However, these are very early-stage findings and cannot be interpreted as evidence that cannabis products will improve cardiovascular health. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Rosemary contains camphene alongside pinene and other terpenes, contributing to its sharp, medicinal character. Ginger and nutmeg both contain camphene, adding to their warm, slightly medicinal warmth. Valerian root, widely sold as a sleep supplement, contains camphene as one of several active aromatic compounds. This may partly explain why valerian is associated with relaxation, though its main sedative compounds are different. Cypress essential oil is one of the richest non-cannabis sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed the available evidence and noted camphene’s potential as an antilipidaemic agent based on animal studies, alongside its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The review flagged this as an area warranting further investigation in human subjects. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that camphene, alongside other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity, placing it within the entourage effect framework. Booth and Bohlmann (2019) noted that camphene’s presence in a cannabis terpene profile is often associated with strains grown in cooler climates, where its biosynthesis is favoured. Previous Guaiol Next Myrcene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

Guaiol

Guaiol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Guaiol Champacol pronounced: GWHY-ol A rare woody terpene from guaiacum wood. Highest boiling point of the 12. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 288°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 288°C Primary aroma Woody Pine Key effect Anti-inflammatory Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of guaiol is described as: Woody PineCypressBalsamic EarthSandalwood Found naturally in: Guaiacum wood, cypress trees, lilac, pine Effects Linked Effects Anti-inflammatoryPain reliefAntibacterialAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Guaiol? Guaiol is a rare sesquiterpene alcohol with a deep, piney, and slightly rosy aroma reminiscent of sandalwood and cypress. It has the highest boiling point of the 12 terpenes covered here at 288 degrees Celsius, which means it evaporates last of all and contributes most strongly to the long-lasting woody base note of a strain. It takes its name from Guaiacum, a dense tropical hardwood tree from the Caribbean. Traditional medicine in that region has used guaiacum resin for centuries for conditions including arthritis. Guaiol is thought to be one of the active compounds responsible for these traditional uses (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Guaiol has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Its high boiling point means it survives the heating process better than most other terpenes, which may make it particularly relevant for vaped or heated cannabis products where lower-boiling terpenes are lost. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for guaiol’s antimicrobial and insecticidal activity. It also appeared in the LaVigne et al. (2021) study as one of the sesquiterpenes capable of modulating cannabinoid receptor activity, contributing to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Guaiol is less common in everyday food than most other terpenes. It is found primarily in wood resins, cypress essential oil, and lilac. Pine needles contain a small amount. If you have ever smelled the inside of a freshly sawn hardwood log, the warm, resinous component of that smell likely contains guaiol. Some high-end perfumes use cypress essential oil as a base note, and guaiol is part of what gives cypress its distinctive, long-lasting woody character. It is also used in some traditional incense formulations. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified guaiol as having notable antibacterial properties in vitro, along with antioxidant activity. The review noted that guaiol’s high boiling point makes it a candidate for study in heated cannabis preparations where other terpenes would already have evaporated. LaVigne et al. (2021) included guaiol among the sesquiterpenes found to selectively enhance cannabinoid activity. This confirms that even relatively minor terpenes in cannabis can play a pharmacologically meaningful role in the overall profile of a product. Previous Trans-Nerolidol Next Camphene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

Trans-Nerolidol

Trans-Nerolidol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Trans-Nerolidol Peruviol, Penetrol pronounced: tranz neh-ROL-ih-dol A soft, woody-floral terpene. Found in jasmine and tea tree. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 122°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 122°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Sleep support Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of trans-nerolidol is described as: WoodyRose-floralEarthy barkJasmineWaxy Found naturally in: Jasmine, tea tree, neroli, lemongrass, ginger Effects Linked Effects Sleep supportRelaxingCalmAntimicrobial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Trans-Nerolidol? Trans-nerolidol has a complex, multi-layered scent that combines the woody warmth of bark with a soft, rose-like floral quality and a hint of jasmine. It is less common in cannabis than myrcene or linalool, but strains that contain it often have a particularly smooth, rounded aroma. It is found in jasmine, neroli (bitter orange blossom), and tea tree, and is used in the fragrance industry as a fixative: a compound that helps other scents last longer. In cannabis, it appears most often alongside myrcene and linalool in strains with a heavy, sedating character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Nerolidol is most associated with sedative and sleep-supporting effects. It commonly appears in cannabis strains alongside myrcene and linalool, forming what some researchers describe as a sedating terpene triad. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed preclinical evidence for its sleep-promoting and anxiolytic properties. It also has notable antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties in laboratory studies. Research has found it effective against certain fungi and even against the malaria parasite in cell studies, though these are very early-stage findings with no clinical application at this time. LaVigne et al. (2021) confirmed cannabinoid receptor modulation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Jasmine tea and jasmine-scented products are the easiest way to encounter nerolidol in everyday life. The deep, slightly waxy floral quality of jasmine is partly due to this terpene. Ginger root also contains nerolidol alongside other aromatic compounds. Tea tree oil contains nerolidol as a minor but important component. Its presence in tea tree alongside other terpenes like terpinene contributes to the oil’s broad antimicrobial activity. Neroli essential oil, derived from bitter orange blossom, is named in part because nerolidol was first isolated from it. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed nerolidol’s pharmacological profile, highlighting evidence for sedative, antiparasitic, antifungal, and antioxidant effects across multiple preclinical studies. The review noted that nerolidol’s skin penetration-enhancing properties make it relevant for topical cannabis formulations. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that nerolidol, alongside other sesquiterpenes, can selectively enhance cannabinoid activity, suggesting it plays a more active pharmacological role than simply contributing to aroma. Previous Alpha-Bisabolol Next Guaiol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

Alpha-Bisabolol

Alpha-Bisabolol – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Alpha-Bisabolol α-Bisabolol, Levomenol pronounced: AL-fuh bih-SAB-oh-lol The chamomile terpene. Used in skin creams for centuries. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 153°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 153°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of alpha-bisabolol is described as: FloralSweetChamomile-likeHoneyPowdery Found naturally in: Chamomile, candeia wood, sage, sweet grass Effects Linked Effects CalmAnti-inflammatoryRelaxingSkin soothing These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Alpha-Bisabolol? Alpha-bisabolol has a gentle, sweet, floral aroma that is immediately recognisable as chamomile. It is the main active terpene in chamomile essential oil and has been used in skincare for hundreds of years. In cannabis, it tends to appear as a secondary terpene, adding a soft, powdery floral note to strains that contain it. As a sesquiterpene, it is a larger and heavier molecule than monoterpenes. This means it does not evaporate as quickly and can have a more persistent effect when applied to skin or inhaled. It is also one of the terpenes found in the KAST batch data on this site, appearing in several of the CSC Cannacosta strains (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Alpha-bisabolol has one of the strongest track records among terpenes for skin-related applications. It reduces redness and irritation, helps other ingredients penetrate the skin more effectively, and has been found to have antimicrobial properties. This is why it appears in so many pharmaceutical creams and lotions. In cannabis, its contribution to the overall experience is likely related to its calming and anti-inflammatory effects. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. Baram et al. (2022) found that bisabolol activates endocannabinoid receptors, adding to the entourage effect. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Chamomile tea is the most accessible everyday source. The calming effect that chamomile tea is famous for is partly due to bisabolol and related compounds in the plant. When you drink a cup before bed, you are consuming a small amount of this terpene. Candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus), a tree native to Brazil, contains the highest natural concentrations of alpha-bisabolol and has historically been over-harvested to supply the cosmetics industry. Most commercial bisabolol is now produced synthetically or from sustainably managed sources. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) reviewed bisabolol’s pharmacological profile and noted evidence for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic properties. The review also highlighted its role as a penetration enhancer, meaning it can help other therapeutic compounds cross biological barriers more effectively. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed endocannabinoid receptor activity for bisabolol at physiologically relevant concentrations. Francomano et al. (2025) included it in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect in cannabis medicines, noting particular interest in topical cannabis formulations. Previous Ocimene Next Trans-Nerolidol Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076.

Humulene

Humulene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Humulene α-Humulene, Alpha-Caryophyllene pronounced: HYOO-myoo-leen The hoppy terpene. Gives beer its herbal, earthy character. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 107°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 107°C Primary aroma Hoppy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of humulene is described as: HoppyEarthyWoodyHerbalBeer-like Found naturally in: Hops, sage, ginseng, coriander, basil Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryAppetite suppressantAntibacterial These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Humulene? Humulene is a sesquiterpene with a deep, earthy, and distinctly hoppy aroma. If you enjoy the smell of a good craft ale, you have experienced humulene. It is the dominant terpene in hops (Humulus lupulus), the plant used to flavour beer, and is found alongside beta-caryophyllene in many cannabis strains. It is sometimes called alpha-caryophyllene because the two molecules are closely related in structure. However, they have different shapes and slightly different aroma and pharmacological profiles. Humulene has a lower boiling point than caryophyllene, meaning it evaporates first when cannabis is heated (Nuutinen, 2018). Effects in detail What the Research Says Humulene has been studied primarily for anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence showing that it can reduce inflammatory markers in cell studies. It is also one of the few terpenes associated with appetite suppression rather than stimulation, which makes it distinct from myrcene. Its anti-inflammatory effects may work alongside beta-caryophyllene when both are present in a strain, as the two terpenes share similar mechanisms through the endocannabinoid system. This interaction is an example of the entourage effect described by Russo (2011). Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Beer is the most obvious everyday source. Hoppy beers, particularly India Pale Ales and pale ales, contain the highest concentrations of humulene. The sharp, herbal bitterness of a hop-forward beer comes largely from this terpene. Sage and ginseng are notable non-hop sources. Traditional herbal medicine has used both of these plants for centuries, and researchers are now beginning to investigate whether humulene plays a role in their therapeutic effects. Coriander and basil also contain it in smaller amounts. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) provided a comprehensive review of humulene’s pharmacological properties, noting significant evidence for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activity in preclinical models. The review highlighted the potential for humulene to work synergistically with cannabinoids. Francomano et al. (2025) included humulene in their review of terpenes contributing to the entourage effect, noting that its combination with beta-caryophyllene in cannabis products may provide enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared to either compound alone. Previous Terpinolene Next Ocimene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Francomano, F. et al. (2025) ‘The entourage effect in cannabis medicinal products: a comprehensive review’, Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 378. doi: 10.3390/ph18030378. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.

Terpinolene

Terpinolene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Terpinolene Delta-Terpinene pronounced: ter-PIN-oh-leen A rare, multi-layered scent. Piney, floral, and citrus all at once. Monoterpene Boiling point: 184°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 184°C Primary aroma Woody Key effect Uplifting Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of terpinolene is described as: WoodyPineyHerbalCitrus Blossom Found naturally in: Apples, lilac, limes, nutmeg, tea tree, cumin Effects Linked Effects UpliftingFocusEnergyAntioxidant These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Terpinolene? Terpinolene is one of the more unusual cannabis terpenes because it does not smell like just one thing. It has a complex, multi-layered aroma that mixes pine and wood with a hint of fresh flowers and citrus blossom. People often describe it as smelling like a spring garden. It is less common than myrcene or limonene and tends to appear as a dominant terpene only in certain sativa-leaning strains. When it is the dominant terpene in a strain, that strain usually has a distinctly fresh, bright character (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Terpinolene is most often associated with uplifting and energising effects. Unlike myrcene, which tends toward sedation, strains dominant in terpinolene are more likely to feel activating and mentally clarifying. Some users report improved focus and creativity. Nuutinen (2018) reviewed evidence for terpinolene’s antioxidant and possible anticancer properties in preclinical settings. It has also been found to have mild sedative effects in some animal studies at higher doses, which shows that the same terpene can have different effects depending on dose and context. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Terpinolene is found in apples, giving them part of their fresh, slightly floral scent. Lilac flowers are particularly rich in it, as is nutmeg. Tea tree oil contains significant amounts of terpinolene, contributing to its sharp, medicinal smell. Limes contain more terpinolene than lemons, which partly explains why limes have a slightly more complex scent than lemons despite both being citrus fruits. Cumin seeds also contain it, alongside other spicy terpenes. Research Key Studies Nuutinen (2018) identified terpinolene as having notable antioxidant activity in cell studies, and noted potential antiproliferative effects in cancer cell lines in vitro. These findings are very early-stage and cannot be interpreted as evidence of a treatment or cure. The available evidence base for terpinolene is smaller than for myrcene or linalool. Weil (2022) highlights it as a terpene worthy of further investigation given its prevalence in certain strain profiles and its distinctive psychoactive character. LaVigne et al. (2021) found that terpinolene, like other cannabis terpenes, can modulate cannabinoid receptor activity. Previous Linalool Next Humulene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. LaVigne, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8232. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8. Nuutinen, T. (2018) ‘Medicinal properties of terpenes found in Cannabis sativa and Humulus lupulus’, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 157, pp. 198-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.076. Weil, M. (2022) ‘Most common cannabis terpenes and what they do’, Cannigma. Available at: https://cannigma.com/plant/a-brief-history-of-terpenes/ (Accessed: 29 May 2026).

Linalool

Linalool – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Linalool Linalool alcohol pronounced: lin-AL-oh-ol The calming lavender terpene. Found in over 200 plant species. Monoterpene Boiling point: 198°C Terpene type Monoterpene Boiling point 198°C Primary aroma Floral Key effect Calm Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of linalool is described as: FloralLavenderSweet HerbSage Found naturally in: Lavender, mint, coriander, rosewood, jasmine Effects Linked Effects CalmSleep supportRelaxingAnti-anxiety These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Linalool? Linalool is the terpene responsible for lavender’s famous calming scent. It is one of the most widely distributed terpenes in nature, appearing in over 200 different plants including mint, coriander, and many trees. When a cannabis strain has a soft, floral, slightly soapy smell, linalool is usually the reason. Unlike some terpenes that are present only in small amounts, linalool can be a major component in certain cannabis strains. It is a monoterpene alcohol, which gives it a slightly heavier, more complex character than simpler terpenes like limonene (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Linalool has one of the strongest bodies of evidence among cannabis terpenes for calming and sleep-supporting effects. Weston-Green et al. (2021) reviewed studies showing that inhaled linalool can reduce anxiety-like behaviour in animals, and that it appears to enhance the activity of GABA, a brain chemical that promotes relaxation and sleep. Abstrax Tech (2023) conducted studies with Western Washington University finding that a combination of linalool and myrcene produced notable anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that linalool activates CB1 and CB2 receptors, adding to its known mechanisms of action. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Lavender is the most obvious everyday source. Lavender oil, widely sold in pharmacies and health shops, is mostly linalool. It is the active ingredient that makes lavender pillows and sleep sprays effective for some people. Coriander seeds contain high amounts too, which contributes to their floral, slightly soapy flavour. Linalool is one of the most commonly used fragrance ingredients in the world. It is found in many shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics, as well as in some foods as a natural flavouring. It is generally considered safe at typical exposure levels. Research Key Studies Weston-Green et al. (2021) specifically reviewed linalool alongside alpha-pinene as a potential medicine for brain health. They found preclinical evidence for anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects. The authors noted that the evidence base is growing but human clinical trials are still limited. Abstrax Tech (2023) reported collaborative research demonstrating anxiolytic synergy between linalool and myrcene, suggesting that terpene combinations may be more powerful than individual compounds. This supports the broader entourage effect framework described by Russo (2011). Previous Beta-Caryophyllene Next Terpinolene Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Abstrax Tech (2023) Linalool and beta-myrcene anxiolytic study with Western Washington University. Available at: https://abstraxtech.com/pages/terpene-research (Accessed: 29 May 2026). Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x. Weston-Green, K. et al. (2021) ‘A review of the potential use of pinene and linalool as terpene-based medicines for brain health’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 583211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.583211.

Beta-Caryophyllene

Beta-Caryophyllene – PatientsCann UK Skip to main content Back to Terpenes Guide Beta-Caryophyllene β-Caryophyllene (BCP) pronounced: BAY-tuh kair-ee-oh-FIL-een The only terpene that acts like a cannabinoid. Activates CB2 receptors directly. Sesquiterpene Boiling point: 130°C Terpene type Sesquiterpene Boiling point 130°C Primary aroma Spicy Key effect Pain relief Aroma profile How it Smells The aroma of beta-caryophyllene is described as: SpicyPepperyWoodyWarm Clove Found naturally in: Black pepper, cloves, cinnamon, oregano, copaiba Effects Linked Effects Pain reliefAnti-inflammatoryCalmNeuroprotective These effects are based on early-stage research in animals and cells. They are not proven in humans. Do not change your treatment based on this information. About What is Beta-Caryophyllene? Beta-caryophyllene is unique among terpenes. While most terpenes add to the cannabis experience through aroma and indirect effects, beta-caryophyllene can directly activate a receptor in the body called CB2. This is the same type of receptor that CBD works on. Because of this, some scientists classify it as a dietary cannabinoid as well as a terpene (Hashiesh et al., 2021). It is a sesquiterpene, meaning it is a larger molecule than monoterpenes like myrcene or limonene. This makes it less volatile and it tends to linger in the smell of a strain longer. Its aroma is immediately recognisable: the sharp, spicy heat of freshly ground black pepper (Booth and Bohlmann, 2019). Effects in detail What the Research Says Because beta-caryophyllene binds to CB2 receptors, it can influence inflammation and immune responses. CB2 receptors are found mainly outside the brain, particularly in immune cells, which means BCP can affect inflammation without causing psychoactive effects (Hashiesh et al., 2021). Preclinical studies have found potential benefits for pain relief, anxiety reduction, and even neuroprotection. Russo (2011) identified it as one of the most clinically interesting terpenes precisely because of its direct receptor activity. Research is ongoing into its potential for conditions involving chronic pain and inflammation. Everyday sources Where You Find it in Daily Life Black pepper is the richest everyday source. When you smell a pepper grinder, the spicy, slightly woody warmth is beta-caryophyllene. Cloves and cinnamon also contain high amounts, and it is a significant component of oregano, basil, and rosemary. Copaiba oil, used in traditional Amazonian medicine and now sold as a wellness supplement, contains very high concentrations of beta-caryophyllene. Some researchers studying copaiba’s anti-inflammatory properties believe BCP is the active ingredient responsible for its effects. Research Key Studies The landmark paper that established beta-caryophyllene as a CB2 agonist was published by Gertsch et al. (2008), though it is cited through Hashiesh et al. (2021) in this guide’s scope. Hashiesh and colleagues reviewed the broad pharmacological evidence and concluded that BCP has significant therapeutic potential for inflammatory and neuropathic conditions. Baram et al. (2022) confirmed that BCP activates CB2 at concentrations found in cannabis products, strengthening the case for its clinical relevance. Its non-psychoactive nature makes it particularly interesting as a potential therapeutic target. Previous Alpha-Pinene Next Linalool Back to full Terpenes Guide Important: The information on this page is for education only. It is not medical advice. Terpene research is still in its early stages. Many studies have been done in animals, not yet in people. Always speak to your doctor before changing your treatment. PatientsCann UK does not recommend any specific cannabis product. References Baram, L. et al. (2022) ‘Major cannabis terpenes, applied individually and in combination, activate endogenous cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 1040962. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040962. Booth, J.K. and Bohlmann, J. (2019) ‘Terpenes in Cannabis sativa: from plant genome to humans’, Plant Science, 284, pp. 67-72. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.022. Hashiesh, H.S. et al. (2021) ‘A focused review on CB2 receptor-selective pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of beta-caryophyllene’, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 140, 111639. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111639. Russo, E.B. (2011) ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), pp. 1344-1364. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x.